▪ Abstract Variation in the subtle differences between right and left sides of bilateral
characters, or fluctuating asymmetry (FA), has long been considered to be primarily …

Insect Symbiosis summarizes the current knowledge of the relationship between symbiotic
organisms and their insect hosts and provides an unparalleled analysis of cutting-edge …

Population genetic research has transformed from the study of genetic structures into a
much wider and highly multidisciplinary research field. In this contribution, we outline the …

Resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticide in the mosquito Culex pipiens has been
studied for ca. 30 years. This example of micro-evolution has been thoroughly investigated …

Genetic changes conferring adaptation to a new environment may induce a fitness cost in
the previous environment. Although this prediction has been verified in laboratory …

Carboxylesterases are mainly involved in the mediation of metabolic resistance of many
insects to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. Carboxylesterases underwent two divergent …

Chemical insecticides have been heavily employed as the most effective measure for control
of agricultural and medical pests, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens the …

The Hsp90 chaperone buffers development against a wide range of morphological changes
in many organisms and in Drosophila masks the effects of hidden genetic variation. Theory …

Fluctuating asymmetry refers to small deviations from a prior expectation of symmetric
development in morphological traits (Ludwig, 1932). Across a population, signed …

In insects, the fluctuating asymmetry of bilaterally symmetrical traits has been suggested as
an indicator of environmental stress because asymmetry is expected to increase when …