▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

Life-history traits or “fitness components”—such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and
fertility, age-specific rates of survival, and life span—are the major phenotypic determinants …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

The cost of reproduction is of fundamental importance in life-history evolution. However, our
understanding of its mechanistic basis has been limited by a lack of detailed functional …

Trade‐offs are a core component of many evolutionary models, particularly those dealing
with the evolution of life histories. In the present paper, we identify four topics of key …

Stressful environmental conditions can be defined as those that lead to a sharp reduction in
fitness in populations. That is, when changed environmental conditions cause a drastic …

Summary 1 Resource acquisition and allocation are the physiological mechanisms
integrating foraging and life‐history traits. An understanding of the patterns of acquisition …

We investigated physiological characters associated with water balance in laboratory
populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for resistance to desiccating conditions for …

Allocation of larval food resources affects adult morphology and fitness in holometabolous
insects. Here we explore the effects on adult morphology and female fitness of larval semi …

The ecological distribution of species is influenced by individual patterns of response to
environment for traits that contribute to fitness. Comparative data on fitness responses to …