The cerebral cortex has long been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of motor
symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The impaired cortical function is believed to be a direct …

Over the past three decades, substantial advancements have occurred in non-invasive brain
stimulation (NIBS). These developments encompass various non-invasive techniques aimed …

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show impaired short-term potentiation (STP)
mechanisms in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, the role played by this …

Background Dysfunction of the primary motor cortex, participating in regulation of posture
and gait, is implicated in freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective The …

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive neurostimulation
modality that has been used to study human synaptic plasticity. Leveraging work in ex vivo …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) often targets the EEG-guided C3/C4 area that may
not accurately represent M1 for hand muscles. This study aimed to determine if the …

Objective The aim of the current study was to provide a comprehensive picture of tACS-
related research in the last decade through a bibliometric approach in order to …

Background Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can apply currents of varying
intensity to the scalp, modulating cortical excitability and brain activity. tACS is a relatively …

In this review, we have discussed the invasive and non-invasive treatment options for
Parkinson's Disease (PD) following their safety, specificity, and reliability. Initially, this study …

In this review, different aspects of the use of clinical neurophysiology techniques for the
treatment of movement disorders are addressed. First of all, these techniques can be used to …