In patients with Parkinson's disease, heterogeneous cholinergic system changes can occur
in different brain regions. These changes correlate with a range of clinical features, both …

Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration
ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In …

Currently, enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission via cholinesterase inhibitors
represents the main available approach to treat cognitive and behavioural symptoms of the …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Motor and cognitive functions depend on the coordinated interactions between dopamine
(DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) at striatal synapses. Increased ACh availability was assumed …

Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic
system; it specifically binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and is degraded by …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) receive cholinergic innervation from
brainstem structures that are associated with either movement or reward. Whereas …

Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for
the core motor deficits of Parkinson's disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous …

Cholinergic neurons comprise a small population of cells in the striatum but have
fundamental roles in fine tuning brain function, and in the etiology of neurological and …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order
motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of …