We provide an exhaustive review of studies in the relatively new domain of research on the
influence of orthography on second language (L2) phonological acquisition. While language …

Second language (L2) learners must not only acquire L2 knowledge (ie vocabulary and
grammar), but they must also rapidly access this knowledge. In monolinguals, efficient …

This study investigated the role of orthographic information in the acquisition of non-native
speech sounds by monolingual English listeners. Two potentially important orthographic …

A bilingual's language system is highly interactive. When hearing a second language (L2),
bilinguals access native-language (L1) words that share sounds across languages. In the …

The chapters in this volume have offered various perspectives into fluency in second
language (L2) learning and use, encompassing both what has traditionally been referred to …

Aims: The study investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure on L2-to-L1 cross-
language activation (CLA) in L1-dominant bilinguals. In so doing, it tests the predictions …

Among the four language skills, listening is probably least often associated with fluency.
While it seems quite intuitive to describe a language user as a fluent speaker or writer, or as …

Learners of additional languages, particularly in adulthood and instructed settings, are
typically exposed to large quantities of written input from the earliest stages of learning, with …

The relationship between the ways in which words are pronounced and spelled has been
shown to affect spoken word processing, and a consistent relationship between …

Extensive evidence has demonstrated that bilinguals non-selectively activate lexicons of
both languages when reading or hearing words in one language. Here, we further …