Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of
plant Ca2+‐permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an essential macronutrient as well as a second messenger in
diverse biological processes in plants. Plants perceive various stimuli which leads to …

Abiotic and biotic stresses are major limiting factors of crop yields and cause billions of
dollars of losses annually around the world. It is hoped that understanding at the molecular …

Transient changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration have been well recognized to act as
cell signals coupling various environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses …

Second messengers are cellular chemicals that act as “language codes”, allowing cells to
pass outside information to the cell interior. The cells then respond through triggering …

Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. It binds calcium and
regulates the activity of a wide range of effector proteins in response to calcium signals. The …

The physiological role and mechanism of nutrient storage within vacuoles of specific cell
types is poorly understood. Transcript profiles from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cells differing in …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular
homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place …

Ca2+ play a key role in cell signaling across organisms. The question of how a simple ion
can mediate specific outcomes has spurred research into the role of Ca2+ signatures and …