Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an orbital autoimmune disorder and the main extrathyroidal
manifestation of Graves' disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. GO affects …

This article reviews the mechanisms that lead to the development of Graves'
ophthalmopathy. A central feature in its development is autoimmunity that involves not only T …

Background Oxygen free radicals and cytokines play a pathogenic role in Graves'
orbitopathy. Methods We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to …

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by goitre, hyperthyroidism and, in
25% of patients, Graves ophthalmopathy. The hyperthyroidism is caused by thyroid …

Environmental, genetic, and immune factors are at play in the development of the variable
clinical manifestations of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Among the environmental …

Context: Several treatment options are available for Graves' disease (GD), including
antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine (RAI), and thyroidectomy. Objective: The primary …

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland. It is
the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and occurs at all ages but especially in women …

Context: Glucocorticoids are effective for severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO), which causes
substantial morbidity. The question at issue is how best to use them. Objective: The objective …

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory
autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in …

Summary Objective Management of Graves' disease (GD) in Europe was published in 1987.
Aim of this survey was to provide an update on clinical practice in Europe, and to compare it …