Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic
responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical …

Background Sex differences in obesity and related diseases are well established. Gonadal
hormones are a major determinant of these sex differences. However, sex differences in …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) result from progressive deterioration of selectively
susceptible neuron populations in different central nervous system (CNS) regions. NDs are …

Personalized medicine considering sex, gender, and cultural context has become the
vanguard of delivery of care. However, women's issues in Parkinson disease (PD) …

Sex characteristics exhibit significant disparities in various human diseases, including
prevalent cardiovascular diseases, cancers, metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases …

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, affect millions of people worldwide …

Caffeine occurs naturally in various foods, such as coffee, tea, and cocoa, and it has been
used safely as a mild stimulant for a long time. However, excessive caffeine consumption …

Melatonin is a signal molecule that modulates the biological circadian rhythms of
vertebrates. Melatonin deficiency is thought to be associated with several disorders …

The term “neurodegenerative diseases”(NDs) identifies a group of heterogeneous diseases
characterized by progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which …

Background Women are more susceptible to multiple sclerosis (MS) than men by a ratio of
approximately 3: 1. However, being male is a risk factor for worse disability progression …