Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate
system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Satellite records show a decline in ice extent over more than three decades, with a record
minimum in September 2012. Results from the Pan‐Arctic Ice‐Ocean Modelling and …

Spaceborne radar altimeters record echo waveforms over all Earth surfaces, but their
interpretation and quantitative exploitation over the Arctic Ocean is particularly challenging …

Abstract The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Operation IceBridge
(OIB) was a 13‐year (2009–2021) airborne mission to survey land and sea ice across the …

Arctic sea ice is a major element of the Earth's climate system. It acts to regulate regional
heat and freshwater budgets and subsequent atmospheric and oceanic circulation across …

We present our estimates of the thickness and volume of the Arctic Ocean ice cover from
CryoSat-2 data acquired between October 2010 and May 2014. Average ice thickness and …

Snow plays a key role in the growth and decay of Arctic sea ice. In winter, it insulates sea ice
from cold air temperatures, slowing sea ice growth. From spring to summer, the albedo of …

In the context of quantifying Arctic ice-volume decrease at global scale, the CryoSat-2
satellite was launched in 2010 and is equipped with the K u band synthetic aperture radar …

Sea-ice thickness on a global scale is derived from different satellite sensors using
independent retrieval methods. Due to the sensor and orbit characteristics, such satellite …