Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in various
cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in cancers, contributing to the occurrence and …

Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

The target of rapamycin (TOR), discovered 30 years ago, is a highly conserved
serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a central role in regulating cell growth and …

The mTOR pathway integrates a diverse set of environmental cues, such as growth factor
signals and nutritional status, to direct eukaryotic cell growth. Over the past two and a half …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The Ser and Thr kinase AKT, also known as protein kinase B (PKB), was discovered 25
years ago and has been the focus of tens of thousands of studies in diverse fields of biology …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates eukaryotic cell growth and
metabolism with environmental inputs, including nutrients and growth factors. Extensive …

The forkhead box protein O (FOXO, consisting of FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6)
transcription factors are the mammalian orthologues of Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-16 …

The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is a master regulator of several crucial cellular
processes, including protein synthesis, cellular growth, proliferation, autophagy, lysosomal …

Phosphatidylinositide 3 kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream mediators AKT and
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) constitute the core components of the …