Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

To respond to abiotic stresses, plants have developed specific mechanisms that allow them
to rapidly perceive and respond to environmental changes. The phytohormone abscisic acid …

Guard cells perceive a variety of chemicals produced metabolically in response to abiotic
and biotic stresses, integrate the signals into reactive oxygen species and calcium …

The crosstalk between second messengers, hormones and mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) in plant signalling systems facilitates adaptation and survival in the face of …

Many pathogenic fungi exploit stomata as invasion routes, causing destructive diseases of
major cereal crops. Intensive interaction is expected to occur between guard cells and fungi …

Guard cells are specialized cells forming stomatal pores at the leaf surface for gas
exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. Stomata have been shown to play an …

Guard cells form stomata on the epidermis and continuously respond to endogenous and
environmental stimuli to fine-tune the gas exchange and transpirational water loss …

Guard cells regulate plant gas exchange and transpiration by modulation of stomatal
aperture upon integrating external cues like photosynthetic effective illumination, CO2 levels …

All organisms have an internal timing mechanism, termed the circadian clock, to anticipate
the light/dark cycle. The clock, with an oscillating rhythm that approximates 24h, is a rather …