Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide
but are significantly understudied. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) accounts for a significant …

Natural killer (NK) cells, similar to other lymphocytes, acquire tolerance to self. This means
that NK cells have the potential to attack normal self cells but that there are mechanisms to …

Summary Exhausted CD8 T (T ex) cells in chronic viral infection and cancer have sustained
co-expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs). T ex cells can be reinvigorated by blocking IRs …

It is widely believed that self-tolerance of natural killer (NK) cells occurs because each NK
cell expresses at least one inhibitory receptor specific for a host major histocompatibility …

IL-21 is a recently identified cytokine that stimulates mouse NK cell effector functions in vitro.
In this study we demonstrate that IL-21 achieves its stimulatory effect by inducing the …

Genes are typically assumed to express both parental alleles similarly, yet cell lines show
random allelic expression (RAE) for many autosomal genes that could shape genetic effects …

The genetic make-up of the host has a major influence on its response to combat pathogens.
For influenza A virus, several single gene mutations have been described which contribute …

Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) bind self–major histocompatibility complex class I
molecules, allowing natural killer (NK) cells to recognize aberrant cells that have down …

A fundamental tenet of the immune system is the requirement for lymphocytes to respond to
transformed or infected cells while remaining tolerant of normal cells. Natural killer (NK) cells …

In science it is imperative that the basic reagents and materials are defined and uniform.
Unlike chemical reagents, which are uniform over time, mice, like all living creatures, have …