Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with
necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE …

Clostridium perfringens uses its large arsenal of protein toxins to produce histotoxic,
neurologic and intestinal infections in humans and animals. The major toxins involved in …

Bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are a heterogeneous group of esterases
which are usually surface associated or secreted by a wide variety of Gram-positive and …

Internalization of tight junction (TJ) proteins from the plasma membrane is a pivotal
mechanism regulating TJ plasticity and function in both epithelial and endothelial barrier …

The integrity of tight junctions, which regulate paracellular permeability, is challenged by
many bacterial pathogens. This is caused by inflammatory responses triggered by …

Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a key mediator of gas gangrene, which is a life-
threatening infection that manifests as fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production …

Bacterial phospholipases and sphingomyelinases are lipolytic esterases that are structurally
and evolutionarily heterogeneous. These enzymes play crucial roles as virulence factors in …

Necrotic enteritis causes economic losses estimated to be up to 6 billion US dollars per year.
Clinical and subclinical infections in poultry are also both correlated with decreased growth …

Clostridium perfringens type A-induced gas gangrene is characterized by severe
myonecrosis, and α-toxin has been revealed to be a major virulence factor involved in the …

Clostridium septicum is the causative agent of atraumatic gas gangrene, with α-toxin, an
extracellular pore-forming toxin, essential for disease. How C. septicum modulates the host's …