Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a key role in neuropsychiatric illness.
Sex differences in dopaminergic signaling have been acknowledged for decades and have …

The loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease induces a reduction in the
number of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum expressing D1 …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is clearly implicated in reward processing and drug
addiction, as well as in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders; nevertheless, the …

Direct interactions between receptors at the neuronal surface have long been proposed to
tune signaling cascades and neuronal communication in health and disease. Yet, the lack of …

The dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is a Gαs/olf-coupled GPCR that is expressed in the
midbrain and forebrain, regulating motor behavior, reward, motivational states, and cognitive …

Depression and anxiety are more common among females than males and represent a
leading cause of disease-related disability in women. Since the dopamine D1-D2 heteromer …

A significant subpopulation of neurons in rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) coexpress
dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, which can form a D1-D2 receptor complex, but their …

Background Dopamine receptors interact with other receptors to form heterooligomers. One
such complex, the D1-D2 heteromer, demonstrated in cultured striatal neurons and rat …

Endocannabinoids are neuromodulators acting on specific cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 G-
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), representing potential therapeutic targets for …