The mesolimbic hypothesis has been a central dogma of schizophrenia for decades,
positing that aberrant functioning of midbrain dopamine projections to limbic regions causes …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

Elevated dopamine transmission in psychosis is assumed to unbalance striatal output
through D1-and D2-receptor-expressing spiny-projection neurons (SPNs). Antipsychotic …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted
pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative …

Dopaminergic neurons play a crucial role in associative learning, but their capacity to
regulate behavior on subsecond timescales remains debated. It is thought that …

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is an intractable syndrome, and rising overdose death rates
represent a substantial public health crisis that exacts tremendous personal and financial …

The striatal and pallidal complexes are basal ganglia structures that orchestrate learning
and execution of flexible behavior. Models of how the basal ganglia subserve these …

This Perspective will examine the organization of intrastriatal circuitry, review recent findings
in this area, and discuss how the pattern of connectivity between striatal neurons might give …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental
studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input …