Since its discovery in the early 1970s, the crucial role of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
(MJO) in the global hydrological cycle and its tremendous influence on high‐impact climate …

Evidence that extreme rainfall intensity is increasing at the global scale has strengthened
considerably in recent years. Research now indicates that the greatest increases are likely …

Neural networks can emulate nonlinear physical systems with high accuracy, yet they may
produce physically inconsistent results when violating fundamental constraints. Here, we …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

Representing unresolved moist convection in coarse‐scale climate models remains one of
the main bottlenecks of current climate simulations. Many of the biases present with …

Climate projections continue to be marred by large uncertainties, which originate in
processes that need to be parameterized, such as clouds, convection, and ecosystems. But …

Abstract Purpose of Review Global cloud-resolving models (GCRMs) are a new type of
atmospheric model which resolve nonhydrostatic accelerations globally with kilometer-scale …

Most atmospheric motions of different spatial scales and precipitation are closely related to
phase transitions in clouds. The continuously increasing resolution of large‐scale and …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

Despite major improvements in weather and climate modelling and substantial increases in
remotely sensed observations, drought prediction remains a major challenge. After a review …