The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The global obesity epidemic is a major contributor to chronic disease and disability in the
world today. Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, a multitude of studies have characterized …

The gut microbiota has been linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
The underlying mechanisms as to how intestinal microbiota may contribute to T2D are only …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders
worldwide. It is associated with clinical states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 …

Low-grade tissue inflammation induced by obesity can result in insulin resistance, which in
turn is a key cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cells of the innate immune system produce …

Sustained hepatic inflammation is an important factor in progression of chronic liver
diseases, including hepatitis C or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver inflammation is …

Adipose tissue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse
energy storage, metabolic regulation, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Because …

Adipose tissue influences tumor development in two major ways. First, obese individuals
have a higher risk of developing certain cancers (endometrial, esophageal, and renal cell …

Adipose tissue (AT) of obese mice and humans accumulates immune cells, which secrete
cytokines that can promote insulin resistance. AT macrophages (ATMs) are thought to …

Metabolism and immunity are two fundamental systems of metazoans. The presence of
immune cells, such as macrophages, in metabolic tissues suggests dynamic, ongoing …