All organisms have a stress response system to cope with environmental threats, yet its
precise form varies hugely within and across individuals, populations, and species. While …

The stress systems are powerful mediators between the organism's systemic dynamic
equilibrium and changes in its environment beyond the level of anticipated fluctuations. Over …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Stress is ubiquitous and thus, not surprisingly, many hypotheses and models have been
created to better study the role stress plays in life. Stress spans fields and is found in the …

Individuals often vary markedly in their ability to cope with stressors, but the drivers of this
variation remain poorly understood. Many studies have tested relationships among …

Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are central mediators of metabolism and the response to
challenges. Because circulating GC levels increase in response to challenges, within …

One of the most comprehensively studied responses to stressors in vertebrates is the
endogenous production and regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs). Extensive laboratory …

Wild and captive vertebrates face multiple stressors that all have the potential to induce
chronic maternal stress (ie, sustained, elevated plasma glucocorticoids), resulting in embryo …

Many ecosystems have experienced anthropogenically induced changes in biodiversity, yet
predicting these patterns has been difficult. Recently, individual behavioural and …

As the global climate shifts, many species are imperilled by changing thermal regimes.
Despite rising global temperatures, some populations must contend with more frequent or …