Calcification is a clinical marker of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on recent findings on
the association between calcification and plaque vulnerability. Calcified plaques have …

In the past decade, the prevalence, significance, and regulatory mechanisms of vascular
calcification have gained increasing recognition. Over a century ago, pathologists …

Background Recently, accumulating evidence has shown that exosomes, the naturally
secreted nanocarriers of cells, can exert therapeutic effects in various disease models in the …

Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Vascular calcification is a common complication in CKD, and investigators …

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including the
formation of lipid laden macrophages and the development of inflammation. However …

Background—Arterial calcification is associated with cardiovascular events; however,
mechanisms of calcification in atherosclerosis remain obscure. Methods and Results—We …

Traditional imaging modalities such as computed tomography, although perfectly adept at
identifying and quantifying advanced calcification, cannot detect the early stages of this …

Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases
such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types …

Arterial calcification is highly prevalent, particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD). The osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the …

Stimulation of endothelial cells (ECs) with TNF‐α causes an increase in the expression of
bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and the production of endothelial microparticles …