Emotion is often understood in terms of a circumscribed set of cortical and subcortical brain
regions. I propose, instead, that emotion should be understood in terms of large-scale …

To benefit from opportunities and cope with challenges in the environment, animals must
adapt their behavior to acquire rewards and to avoid punishments. Maladaptive changes in …

The neuromodulator dopamine has a well established role in reporting appetitive prediction
errors that are widely considered in terms of learning. However, across a wide variety of …

Threat-anticipatory defensive responses have evolved to promote survival in a dynamic
world. While inherently adaptive, aberrant expression of defensive responses to potential …

Research examining the contribution of genetics to behavior is increasingly focused on
higher order behavioral and cognitive processes including the ability to modify behaviors …

Cognitive processes, particularly learning and memory, are crucial brain mechanisms
mediating the successful adaptation of individuals to constantly changing environmental …

We investigated the anatomical and functional organization of the human substantia nigra
(SN) using diffusion and functional MRI data from the Human Connectome Project. We …

Aversive motivation plays a prominent role in driving individuals to exert cognitive control.
However, the complexity of behavioral responses attributed to aversive incentives creates …

Excessive avoidance and diminished approach behavior are both prominent features of
anxiety, trauma and stress related disorders. Despite this, little is known about the neuronal …

Reward-related circuits are fundamental for initiating feeding on the basis of food-predicting
cues, whereas gustatory circuits are believed to be involved in the evaluation of food during …