The term 'stress'–coined in 1936–has many definitions, but until now has lacked a
theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach–based on the …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled machines to plan in tasks
previously thought to be uniquely human. Meanwhile, the planning algorithms implemented …

Trial-to-trial variability in the execution of movements and motor skills is ubiquitous and
widely considered to be the unwanted consequence of a noisy nervous system. However …

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have specific problems making
decisions, whereas their other cognitive functions are spared. Neurophysiological studies …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been associated with the flexible control of behavior
and concepts such as behavioral inhibition, self-control, and emotional regulation. These …

Historically, the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system has been implicated in
arousal, but recent findings suggest that this system plays a more complex and specific role …

Anxiety often is studied as a stand-alone construct in laboratory models. But in the context of
coping with real-life anxiety, its negative impacts extend beyond aversive feelings and …