▪ Abstract The pollination of flowering plants by animals represents a critical ecosystem
service of great value to humanity, both monetary and otherwise. However, the need for …

We define seed limitation to be an increase in population size following seed addition. Here,
we briefly consider how theoretical models deal with seed limitation and how seed sowing …

This chapter discusses: the patterns of seed production; predispersal seed predation;
postdispersal seed predation; seed bank predation; mast fruiting; variability in seed …

Biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments test how species diversity influences
fundamental ecosystem processes. Historically, arthropod driven functions, such as …

Many insects and other animals that visit flowers are not mutualistic pollinators, but rather"
behavioral robbers" which pierce flowers to extract nectar, and" thieves" which enter flowers …

Understanding of the selective effects of insect herbivory on plants comes primarily from
studies of herbivory aboveground. The impact of belowground herbivory, either in isolation …

Invasive plants may compete with native plants by increasing the pressure of native
consumers, a mechanism known as “apparent competition.” Apparent competition can be as …

Weed seed predation by invertebrates and vertebrates was compared between a simple
(large crop fields embedded in a matrix of widely scattered woodlots and hedgerows) and a …

Although post‐dispersal seed predators are common and often reduce seed density, their
influence on plant population abundance remains unclear. On the one hand, increasing …

Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are
limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate …