Cholinergic efferent neurons originating in the brainstem innervate the acoustico-lateralis
organs (inner ear, lateral line) of vertebrates. These release acetylcholine (ACh) to inhibit …

Amplification of incoming sounds in the inner ear is modulated by an efferent pathway which
travels back from the brain all the way to the cochlea. The medial olivocochlear system …

BK channels are large conductance potassium channels characterized by four pore‐forming
α subunits, often co‐assembled with auxiliary β and γ subunits to regulate Ca2+ sensitivity …

Background Outer hair cells are the specialized sensory cells that empower the mammalian
hearing organ, the cochlea, with its remarkable sensitivity and frequency selectivity. Sound …

Cholinergic neurons of the brainstem olivary complex project to and inhibit outer hair cells
(OHCs), refining acoustic sensitivity of the mammalian cochlea. In all vertebrate hair cells …

Key points Tymothy syndrome (TS) is a multisystem disorder featuring cardiac arrhythmias,
autism and adrenal gland dysfunction that originates from a de novo point mutation in the …

During a critical developmental period, cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) exhibit sensory-
independent activity, featuring action potentials in which Ca2+ ions play a fundamental role …

Outer hair cells (OHCs) amplify the sound-evoked motion of the basilar membrane to
enhance acoustic sensitivity and frequency selectivity. Medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents …

In the mammalian inner ear, the gain control of auditory inputs is exerted by medial
olivocochlear (MOC) neurons that innervate cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). OHCs …

Cholinergic inhibition of cochlear hair cells via olivocochlear (OC)-efferent feedback is
mediated by Ca2+ entry through α9-/α10-nicotinic receptors, but the nature of the K+ …