Due to the rapid advancement of technology and its impact on English learning outside of
the classroom, Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE) has grown in popularity among …

What is quality in the context of applied linguistic research? Addressing this question is both
an intellectual and ethical imperative for the field. Toward that end, I propose a four-part …

Concerns have recently been raised about the validity of scales used in the L2 motivational
self system tradition, particularly in relation to sufficient discriminant validity among some of …

In a systematic examination of scales commonly used in L2 Motivational Self System
(L2MSS) research, Al-Hoorie et al.(2024) found discriminant validity problems. Raising …

Numerous studies have shown that students' belief in their ability to execute behaviours to
successfully perform second/foreign language (L2) tasks (ie self-efficacy) is positively …

In light of findings from research on informal foreign/second language (L2) learning, with a
focus on English as a target language and using the concept of extramural English (EE), this …

Extramural English (EE) with teacher support may work more effectively for Asian EFL
learners' willingness to communicate in a second language (L2 WTC) given their …

Digital educational game-based apps can be effective in helping young children develop
language skills, particularly when paired with formal instruction. However, we need to know …

Recent studies have shown that L2 input learners engage with outside the classroom can
play an important role in young L2 learners' language development. This article discusses …

Language exposure and use (LEU) are widely viewed as key factors in multilingual
development, and research highlights the importance of considering not just the frequency …