Otoliths are bioinorganic minerals within the inner ear of all bony fishes. They grow
incrementally, laying down alternating protein-rich and mineral-rich bands daily …

Background: Otoconia are bio‐crystals that couple mechanic forces to the sensory hair cells
in the utricle and saccule, a process essential for us to sense linear acceleration and gravity …

Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid
flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary …

The vertebrate inner ear is a sensory organ of exquisite design and sensitivity. It responds to
sound, gravity and movement, serving both auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) …

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that has estrogenic
activities. In addition to disrupting reproductive development and function via estrogenic …

Cilia, microtubule-based structures found on the surface of almost all vertebrate cells, play
an array of diverse biological functions. Abnormal ciliary axonemal structure and function …

Primary cilia extending from mother centrioles are essential for vertebrate development and
homeostasis maintenance. Centriolar coiled-coil protein 110 (CP110) has been reported to …

The vertebrate inner ear is a precision sensory organ, acting as both a microphone to
receive sound and an accelerometer to detect gravity and motion. It consists of a series of …

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by
chronic respiratory infections of the upper and lower airways, hypofertility, and, in …

Ciliated cells serve vital functions in the body ranging from mechano-and chemo-sensing to
fluid propulsion. Specialized cells with bundles dozens to hundreds of motile cilia known as …