In the last 10 years, we have learned much about the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
management of intestinal fibrosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Just a …

The importance of fibrosis in organ pathology and dysfunction appears to be increasingly
relevant to a variety of distinct diseases. In particular, a number of different cardiac …

Organ transplantation appears today to be the best alternative to replace the loss of vital
organs induced by various diseases. Transplants can, however, also be rejected by the …

Background Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin
receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely prescribed for primary hypertension (systolic blood …

Glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy occur with end-stage kidney
failure, irrespective of the primary etiology. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key …

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) causes arrhythmogenic remodeling in both atria
and ventricles, but differences between atrial and ventricular remodeling in CHF have not …

Recent data support the idea that the effects of RAS are not restricted to the cardiovascular
and renal systems. Importantly, RAS modulates free radical production and the cellular …

ACE‐inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) slow the progression of renal
disease in nontransplant patients. A systematic review of randomized trials (n= 21 trials with …

Background: Muscle contusions are a common type of muscle injury and are frequently
encountered in athletes and military personnel. Although these injuries are capable of …

Objective Effective medical therapy and validated trial outcomes are lacking for small bowel
Crohn's disease (CD) strictures. Histopathology of surgically resected specimens is the gold …