Global climate change is negatively impacting global biodiversity and ectothermic
vertebrates, with amphibians being the most imperiled vertebrate taxa. Increased mean …

While ocean acidification is predicted to threaten marine biodiversity, the processes that
directly impact species persistence are not well understood. For marine species, early life …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes or oncosomes, often carry oncogenic
molecules derived from tumor cells. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that tumor …

Nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) have been shown to occur in numerous systems and are
regarded as important mechanisms by which predation structures natural communities …

The ability to recognize a potential predator and display adaptive antipredator behaviour is
crucial to the survival of prey animals. Prey should gain a fitness advantage by displaying …

Alarm substance is a chemical signal released from fish skin epithelial cells after a predator
causes skin damage. When other prey fish detect alarm substance by olfaction, they perform …

Prey animals often have to face a dynamic tradeoff between the costs of antipredator
behavior and the benefits of other fitness-related activities such as foraging and …

Determining how prey learn the identity of predators and match their vigilance with current
levels of threat is central to understanding the dynamics of predator–prey systems and the …

Invasive predators can exert strong selection on native populations. If selection is strong
enough, populations could lose the phenotypic variation caused by adaptation to …

Despite the importance of predator recognition in mediating predator–prey interactions, we
know little about the specific characteristics that prey use to distinguish predators from non …