Visualization of biomedical samples in their native environments at the microscopic scale is
crucial for studying fundamental principles and discovering biomedical systems with …

Structural biology is currently undergoing a transformation into dynamic structural biology,
which reveals the dynamic structure of proteins during their functional activity to better …

Highlights•HS-AFM detects conformational changes of unlabeled membrane proteins.•In situ
responses to pH, ligands, temperature and light can be visualized.•Developments in …

Abstract Magnesium ions (Mg 2+) are the most abundant divalent cations in living organisms
and are essential for various physiological processes, including ATP utilization and the …

Time-resolved single-molecule observations by high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-
AFM), have greatly advanced our understanding of how proteins operate to fulfill their …

The secondary active transporter CitS shuttles citrate across the cytoplasmic membrane of
gram-negative bacteria by coupling substrate translocation to the transport of two Na+ ions …

Protein translocation across cellular membranes is an essential and nano-scale dynamic
process. In the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, the core proteins in this process are a …

Chemosensory membrane proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) drive
flavor perception of food formulations. To achieve this, a detailed understanding of the …

Atomic force microscopy, AFM, is a powerful tool that can produce detailed topographical
images of individual nano-structures with a high signal-to-noise ratio without the need for …

Carbon nanotube porins (CNTPs), short pieces of carbon nanotubes capable of self-
inserting into a lipid bilayer, represent a simplified model of biological membrane channels …