Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

The sensory, associative and limbic neocortical structures play a critical role in shaping
incoming noxious inputs to generate variable pain perceptions. Technological advances in …

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling integrates information from diverse G-
protein-coupled receptors, such as neuromodulator receptors, to regulate pivotal biological …

Over the last two decades the combination of brain slice patch clamp electrophysiology with
optogenetic stimulation has proven to be a powerful approach to analyze the architecture of …

Abstract Recently, AAV2. retro, a new capsid variant capable of efficient retrograde transport
in brain, was generated in mice using a directed evolution approach. However, it remains …

Human fMRI studies show that insulin influences brain activity in regions that mediate
reward and motivation, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Insulin receptors are …

Neuroplasticity in cortico-limbic circuits has been implicated in pain persistence and pain
modulation in clinical and preclinical studies. The amygdala has emerged as a key player in …

Safety assessment and threat evaluation are crucial for animals to live and survive in the
wilderness. However, neural circuits underlying safety assessment and their transformation …

The striatum plays a central role in guiding numerous complex behaviors, ranging from
motor control to action selection and reward learning. The diverse responsibilities of the …