Air pollution is inevitably the result of human civilization, industrialization, and globalization.
It is composed of a mixture of gases and particles at harmful levels. Particulate matter (PM) …

Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical
for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic …

Tremendous progress has been made in the field of toxicology leading to the advance of
developmental toxicity assessment. Conventional animal models and in vitro two …

This study was the first to explore the effect of airborne fine particulate matter (PM 2.5)
exposure on the inner blood–retinal barrier (iBRB). In this study, retinal vascular …

Increasing evidence demonstrated that PM2. 5 could cross the placenta and fetal blood–
brain barrier, causing neurotoxicity of embryonic development. The retina, an embryologic …

Background Retinal structural abnormalities have been found to serve as biomarkers for
cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between retinal nerve fiber layer …

Abstract From the years 1970–2023, a systematic overview of the diverse consequences of
particulate matter on eye health and a disease classification according to acute, chronic, and …

Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal
blindness. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the ambient ozone pollution could …

Climate change represents a significant global health crisis, characterized by a complex
interplay of environmental shifts and interconnected phenomena. These alterations have …

Background Particulate matter (PM) is strongly linked to human health and has detrimental
effects on the eye. Studies have, however, focused on the ocular surface, with limited …