International maritime shipping—powered by heavy fuel oil—is a major contributor to global
CO2, SO2, and NO x emissions. The direct electrification of maritime vessels has been …

Although liquefied natural gas (LNG) contains less carbon per unit of energy than
conventional marine fuels, its use might not reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a …

'Green ammonia', produced using renewable electricity, is a fuel that does not emit
greenhouse gases at any point in its product lifecycle and could play an important role in …

Historically, cargo ships have been powered by low-grade fossil fuels, which emit particles
and particle-precursor vapors that impact human health and climate. We used a global …

Container ships emitted 208 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2015 (Olmer, Comer,
Roy, Mao, & Rutherford, 2017), about as much as the entire economy of Vietnam (Global …

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is the bottom-of-the-barrel leftovers from the oil refining process. When
spilled in a body of water, it can be nearly impossible to completely clean up, and burning it …

This chapter considers potential consequences from air emissions associated with the
increased shipping activity in the Arctic with a specific focus on black carbon (BC) particle …

Summary The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious goals to reduce
and eventually eliminate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping …

As Arctic open water increases, shipping activity to and from mid-and western Russian Arctic
ports to points south has notably increased. A number of Arctic municipalities hope …

The Arctic region has been gaining importance rapidly in recent years. Many parties and
industries started to benefit from the region in different aspects. Gradually melting of glaciers …