Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the dominant challenge in the failure of chemotherapy in
cancers. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a lipid kinase that spreads intracellular …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …

Multidrug resistance is a key determinant of cancer chemotherapy failure. One of the major
causes of multidrug resistance is the enhanced efflux of drugs by membrane ABC …

The transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes is an essential function of all
living organisms. The processes are usually mediated by specific transporters. One of the …

In the past 65 years, antifolates targeting folate metabolism played a pivotal role in drug
treatment of malignant, microbial, parasitic and chronic inflammatory diseases. Drug …

The absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs are largely determined by their
transporters (DTs), the variability of which has thus attracted considerable attention. There …

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2
(ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter identified as a molecular cause of …

Human ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and
is known to contribute to multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer chemotherapy. Among ABC …

Lapatinib is active at the ATP-binding site of tyrosine kinases that are associated with the
human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her-1 or ErbB1) and Her-2. It is conceivable that …

Multidrug resistance is a major obstacle to successful cancer treatment. One mechanism by
which cells can become resistant to chemotherapy is the expression of ABC transporters that …