Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that has a central role in signaling pathways
involved in numerous physiological processes (eg, vasodilation, neurotransmission …

Abstract Over 90 years ago, Otto Warburg's seminal discovery of aerobic glycolysis
established metabolic reprogramming as one of the first distinguishing characteristics of …

In tumorous tissues, the absence of vasculature supportive tissues intimates the formation of
leaky vessels and pores (100 nm to 2 μm in diameter) and the poor lymphatic system offers …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of highly reactive ions and molecules, are
increasingly being appreciated as powerful signaling molecules involved in the regulation of …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led …

Chemotherapeutic antibiotic doxorubicin belongs to the anthracycline class, slaughters not
only the cancer cells but also non-cancerous cells even in the non-targeted organs thereby …

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the 10 smallest molecules found in nature. It is a simple gaseous
free radical whose predominant functions is that of a messenger through cGMP. In …

A wide spectrum of metabolites (mainly, the three major nutrients and their derivatives) can
be sensed by specific sensors, then trigger a series of signal transduction pathways and …

Arginase is a key hydrolase in the urea cycle that hydrolyses L-arginine to urea and L-
ornithine. Increasing number of studies in recent years demonstrate that two mammalian …

Simple Summary Internationally, in women, breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer
type and is the leading cause of cancer-related death. There are two main histological …