Background. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent
hyperglycemia. It affects millions of people globally. In spite of many antidiabetic drugs that …

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine have been used for more than 50 years to treat
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other rheumatic diseases. In general, these drugs …

Importance Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is widely used for the long-term treatment of
autoimmune conditions but can cause irreversible toxic retinopathy. Prior estimations of risk …

Nomenclature is important, but confusing. Although the book focuses on chloroquine and
hydroxychloroquine, much of it applies to other related drugs (eg, quinacrine). These drugs …

HCQ is widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, particularly lupus and RA. It is
generally well tolerated, but retinopathy is a concern. Retinopathy is rare, but is sight …

Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy, which may result in severe and
progressive visual loss. In the past decade, hydroxychloroquine use has markedly increased …

Purpose American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations for screening for
hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy advise objective measures, such as spectral-domain …

Purpose A pericentral pattern of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy recently has been
recognized in the United States in patients of Asian heritage. We report on an investigation …

Objective. Several studies have reported risk factors for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinal
toxicity, but data are limited for patients of Asian ancestry. The aim of this study was to …

Due to multiple beneficial effects, including control of disease activity, reduction in
cardiovascular events and improved survival, hydroxychloroquine is now recommended …