A survey for immune genes in the genome for the purple sea urchin has shown that the
immune system is complex and sophisticated. By inference, immune responses of all …

The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad
and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to …

The Echinodermata are an ancient phylum of benthic marine invertebrates with a dispersal-
stage planktonic larva. These animals have innate immune systems characterized initially by …

Coelomocytes is the generic name for a collection of cellular morphotypes, present in many
coelomate animals, and highly variable among echinoderm classes. The roles attributed to …

Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals that, after the chordates, represent the second
largest group of deuterostomes. Their diverse species composition and singular ecological …

Holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are one of the most ubiquitous groups of benthic animals
found across diverse marine ecosystems. As echinoderms, they also occupy an important …

While so-called brown bodies were first defined in the 1950s as colorful aggregates of cells
in the general cavity of echinoderms and other marine benthic taxa, their distribution and …

The capacity to withstand and repair DNA damage differs among species and plays a role in
determining an organism's resistance to genotoxicity, life history, and susceptibility to …

During rearing in hatcheries and transportation to restocking sites, sea cucumbers are often
exposed to air for several hours, which may depress their non-specific immunity and lead to …

The hemocytes of invertebrates are composed of different cell subsets with different
morphologies and structures. Different cell subsets have different immune functions, which …