Purpose To present the pathophysiology, biology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and
current treatment options for lumbar disc herniation. Methods A thorough literature search …

In recent years, the interest in oxygen–ozone (O2O3) therapy application has considerably
increased in the field of rehabilitation. Despite its widespread use in common clinical …

Low back pain (LBP) is a common health issue worldwide with a huge economic burden on
healthcare systems. In the United States alone, the cost is estimated to be $100 billion each …

Interventional radiology has known an exponential growth in the last years. Technological
advances of the last decades, have made it possible to use new treatments on a larger …

Medical ozone O3 therapy combines a mixture of oxygen (O2)-O3 and prepared through
conversion of pure O2 into O3 using special medical generators. O3 has multiple …

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between degenerative disc, endplate Modic changes
(MC) type I, and pain during upright weight-bearing MRI scan of the lumbar spine in a cohort …

Background: Intradiscal ozone therapy, a minimally invasive technique, is used in patients
that do not respond to standard conservative therapies for low back pain due to …

Background Intervertebral disc (ID) degeneration represents the number one cause for
outpatient clinic visits worldwide. Mechanisms are discussed but not yet clearly established …

Background: Numerous animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration have been
proposed in the literature. The rat caudal disc has been used in disc degeneration studies …

Objectives Surgery is the treatment of choice for symptomatic disc herniation after
conservative management. Several studies have suggested the potential utility of intradiscal …