Substance P (SP) is a highly conserved member of the tachykinin peptide family that is
widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom. The numerous members of the tachykinin …

The brain's response to stress is a matter of extensive neurocognitive research in an attempt
to unravel the mechanistic underpinnings of neural adaptation. In line with the broadly …

Movement is changed in pain. This presents across a spectrum from subtle changes in the
manner in which a task is completed to complete avoidance of a function and could be both …

Depression is characterized by disturbed sleep and eating, a variety of other nonspecific
somatic symptoms, and significant somatic comorbidities. Why there is such close …

A meta‐analysis of 140 neuroimaging studies was performed using the activation‐likelihood‐
estimate (ALE) method to explore the location and extent of activation in the brain in …

Objective Spinal cord stimulation is commonly used to treat medically intractable pain.
Different stimulation designs are used to obtain pain suppression such as tonic stimulation …

Major depression and chronic pain are significant health problems that seriously impact the
quality of life of affected individuals. These diseases that individually are difficult to treat …

Background Tapentadol is an analgesic agent for treatment of acute and chronic pain that
activates the µ-opioid receptor combined with inhibition of neuronal norepinephrine …

Since noxious stimulation usually leads to the perception of pain, pain has traditionally been
considered sensory nociception. But its variability and sensitivity to a broad array of …

Because pain signals potential harm to the organism, it immediately attracts attention and
motivates decisions and action. However, pain is also subject to motivations—an aspect that …