To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

Phages and their bacterial hosts together constitute a vast and diverse ecosystem. Facing
the infection of phages, prokaryotes have evolved a wide range of antiviral mechanisms …

CRISPR-cas loci typically contain CRISPR arrays with unique spacers separating direct
repeats. Spacers along with portions of adjacent repeats are transcribed and processed into …

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea that provide
resistance against phages and other mobile genetic elements. To fight against CRISPR-Cas …

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as bacteriophages and their host prokaryotes are
trapped in an eternal battle against each other. To cope with foreign infection, bacteria and …

Chloroplast division involves the coordination of protein complexes from the stroma to the
cytosol. The Min system of chloroplasts includes multiple stromal proteins that regulate the …

AcrIIA15 is an anti-CRISPR (Acr) protein that inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Cas9
(SaCas9). Although previous studies suggested it has dual functions, the structural and …

Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins are encoded by phages to inactivate CRISPR–Cas systems of
bacteria and archaea and are used to enhance the CRISPR toolbox for genome editing …

Bathyarchaeia represent a class of archaea common and abundant in sedimentary
ecosystems. Here we report 56 metagenome-assembled genomes of Bathyarchaeia viruses …

Numerous viruses infecting bacteria and archaea encode CRISPR-Cas system inhibitors,
known as anti-CRISPR proteins (Acr). The Acrs typically are highly specific for particular …