The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Key observational indicators of climate change in the Arctic, most spanning a 47 year period
(1971–2017) demonstrate fundamental changes among nine key elements of the Arctic …

The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a
range of environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview on the current …

Variation in snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a key component of climate change
and variability, and critical for many hydrological and biological processes. This review first …

Surface weather conditions are closely governed by the large-scale circulation of the Earth's
atmosphere. Recent increases in the occurrence of some extreme weather phenomena …

Recent boreal winters have exhibited a large-scale seesaw temperature pattern
characterized by an unusually warm Arctic and cold continents. Whether there is any …

Over the past decade, severe winters occurred frequently in mid-latitude Eurasia,, despite
increasing global-and annual-mean surface air temperatures. Observations suggest that …

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent
seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have …