Macroautophagy and microautophagy are highly conserved eukaryotic cellular processes
that degrade cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. Both pathways involve characteristic …

Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Autophagy is a versatile degradation system for maintaining cellular homeostasis whereby
cytosolic materials are sequestered in a double-membrane autophagosome and …

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that participate in ATP generation and involve
calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. Dysfunctional or damaged …

Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide; in the USA, it
accounts for over 50% of individuals entering dialysis or transplant programmes. Unlike …

The mTOR pathway integrates a diverse set of environmental cues, such as growth factor
signals and nutritional status, to direct eukaryotic cell growth. Over the past two and a half …

Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

Exciting new discoveries have transformed the view of the lysosome from a static organelle
dedicated to the disposal and recycling of cellular waste to a highly dynamic structure that …

Lysosomes are degradation centers and signaling hubs in cells and play important roles in
cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. Changes in lysosome function are essential …

Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system that derives its degradative abilities
from the lysosome. The most well-studied form of autophagy is macroautophagy, which …