Plants are vulnerable to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses that cause a substantial
decrease in the production of plants. Plants respond to different environmental stresses by …

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated plant steroid hormones that are
crucial for many aspects of a plant's life. BRs were originally characterized for their function …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that
governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Elucidating enzyme–substrate relationships in posttranslational modification (PTM) networks
is crucial for understanding signal transduction pathways but is technically difficult because …

Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are members of the Arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-
loop-helix family of transcriptional regulators that interact specifically with the active Pfr …

Plant growth is coordinately regulated by environmental and hormonal signals.
Brassinosteroid (BR) plays essential roles in growth regulation by light and temperature, but …

Brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) are two predominant hormones regulating plant
cell elongation. A defect in either of these leads to reduced plant growth and dwarfism …

Plants are faced with a barrage of stresses in their environment and must constantly balance
their growth and survival. As such, plants have evolved complex control systems that …