Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Naturalistic observations show that decisions to avoid or escape predators occur at different
spatiotemporal scales and that they are supported by different computations and neural …

In humans, traumatic social experiences can contribute to psychiatric disorders. It is
suggested that social trauma impairs brain reward function such that social behaviour is no …

Most animals live under constant threat from predators, and predation has been a major
selective force in shaping animal behaviour. Nevertheless, defence responses against …

The persistence of play after decortication points to a subcortical mechanism of play control.
We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or …

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) represents a remarkable form of neuroplasticity that
has increasingly been linked to the stress response in recent years. However, the …

Animals can choose to act upon, or to ignore, sensory stimuli, depending on circumstance
and prior knowledge. This flexibility is thought to depend on neural inhibition, through …

Serotonergic psychedelics are gaining increasing interest as potential therapeutics for a
range of mental illnesses. Compounds with short-lived subjective effects may be clinically …

Many neuronal populations that release fast-acting excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmitters in the brain also contain slower-acting neuropeptides. These facultative …

Treatment outcomes are strongly influenced by expectations, as evidenced by the placebo
effect. Meta-analyses of clinical trials reveal that placebo effects are strongest in pain …