Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest non‐traumatic disabling disease to affect young
adults. The incidence of MS is increasing worldwide, together with the socioeconomic …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is based on neurological symptoms and signs, alongside
evidence of dissemination of CNS lesions in space and time. MRI is often sufficient to …

In patients presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome, MRI can support and substitute
clinical information in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by showing disease dissemination …

The 1996 originally established multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes, based solely on clinical
impression and consensus, were revised in 2013 to review potential imaging and biological …

The 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis are widely used in
research and clinical practice. Scientific advances in the past 7 years suggest that they might …

Personalized treatment is ideal for multiple sclerosis (MS) owing to the heterogeneity of
clinical features, but current knowledge gaps, including validation of biomarkers and …

Objective The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) represents the earliest detectable pre‐
clinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study evaluated the impact of therapeutic …

A prodrome is an early set of signs, symptoms or other findings that occur before the onset of
typical symptoms of a disease. Prodromal phases are well recognized in several …

Introduction We present international consensus recommendations for improving diagnosis,
management and treatment access in multiple sclerosis (MS). Our vision is that these will be …