Ionized calcium (Ca2+) is the most versatile cellular messenger. All cells use Ca2+ signals
to regulate their activities in response to extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli. Alterations in cellular …

The inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (InsP3Rs) are a family of Ca2+ release
channels localized predominately in the endoplasmic reticulum of all cell types. They …

Protein film electrochemistry (PFE) has given unrivalled insight into the properties of redox
proteins and many electron-transferring enzymes, allowing investigations of otherwise ill …

Calcium ions are ubiquitous and versatile signaling molecules, capable of decoding a
variety of extracellular stimuli (hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, etc.) into …

Lead is a neurotoxin that produces long-term, perhaps irreversible, effects on health and
well-being. This article summarizes clinical and preclinical studies that have employed a …

Transient rises in the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions serve as second messenger
signals that control many neuronal functions. Selective triggering of these functions is …

One of the most remarkable features of the developing brain is its ability to undergo
structural change in response to experience. Among the cellular elements that show this …

Cancer involves defects in the mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, death and
migration. Calcium ions are central to these phenomena, serving as major signalling agents …

Although it is widely accepted that mitochondria in living cells can efficiently uptake Ca 2+
during stimulation because of their vicinity to microdomains of high [Ca 2+], the direct proof …

Microdomains of Ca2+, which are formed at sites where Ca2+ enters the cytoplasm either at
the cell surface or at the internal stores, are a key element of Ca2+ signalling. The term …