For over half a century, it has been widely known that lithium is the most efficacious
maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. Despite thorough research on the long-term …

Purpose Atypical antipsychotics are associated with several adverse effects including
metabolic syndrome, weight gain, QTc interval prolongation, and extrapyramidal effects. This …

Objectives Although potential adverse effects of lithium treatment on renal and endocrine
systems have been extensively investigated, most prior studies are limited by selected …

Background The association between lithium use and chronic kidney disease, and the effect
of comorbidities on this association are poorly understood. Our aim was to examine the risk …

Edema as an adverse drug reaction is a commonly underestimated yet potentially
debilitating condition. This study analyzes the incidence of severe psychotropic drug …

Background People with chronic diseases are a commonly listed heat-vulnerable group in
heat-health action plans. While prior research identifies multiple health conditions that may …

Abstract Aims Lithium is Food and Drug Administration‐approved for bipolar disorder (BD)
and is also used in depressive disorders but is underutilized due to concerns about chronic …

Background Lithium is our oldest continuously prescribed medication in
psychopharmacology, with its history as an agent for treating mood disorders extending from …

Intranasal esketamine, approved with oral antidepressants for adults with treatment-resistant
depression (TRD), is the S-enantiomer of ketamine and has higher potency and affinity for N …

The term older-age bipolar disorder (OABD) refers to patients with bipolar disorder who are
ages 50 and older. Research findings suggest important differences, including the …