Abstract The MAVEN SupraThermal And Thermal Ion Compostion (STATIC) instrument is
designed to measure the ion composition and distribution function of the cold Martian …

Abstract The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM)–Hope Probe–was developed to understand
Mars atmospheric circulation, dynamics, and processes through characterization of the Mars …

The search for life in the Universe is a fundamental problem of astrobiology and modern
science. The current progress in the detection of terrestrial-type exoplanets has opened a …

Abstract A new Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (M‐GITM) is presented that
combines the terrestrial GITM framework with Mars fundamental physical parameters, ion …

Abstract The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has obtained comprehensive
particle and magnetic field measurements. The Solar Wind Electron Analyzer provides …

Photochemical escape of atomic oxygen is thought to be one of the dominant channels for
Martian atmospheric loss today and played a potentially major role in climate evolution …

The Mars Climate Database (MCD) is a database of meteorological fields derived from
General Circulation Model (GCM) numerical simulations of the Martian atmosphere and …

Two of the primary goals of the MAVEN mission are to determine how the rate of escape of
Martian atmospheric gas to space at the current epoch depends upon solar influences and …

Measurement of the dense cold thermal plasma in planetary ionospheres via orbiting
spacecraft is challenging because ion energies are small (0–4 eV), densities can vary by …

The Martian ionosphere originates from the ionization of the planetary neutral atmosphere
by solar radiation. This conductive layer is embedded within the thermosphere and …