In this review, it is our aim 1) to describe the high diversity in molecular and structural
antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals, 2) to extend the traditional concept …

The main aim of the present study is the assessment of oxidative stress related to metals in
the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) from three areas (agricultural and rural area, industrial …

Ecological conditions affect fitness, but mechanisms causing such effects are not well
known, while evolved responses to environmental variation may depend on the underlying …

Stress during early development can induce substantial long‐term effects in organisms. In
the case of birds, despite growth compensations, nestlings reared under harsh conditions …

Immune defenses vary widely across individuals and species. The field of evolutionary and
ecological immunology (also recognized as ecoimmunology) seeks to uncover both the …

Oxidative stress (OS) is widely believed to be responsible for the generation of trade-offs in
evolutionary ecology by means of constraining investment into a number of components of …

Despite the potential for temporally dependent relationships between trait values and fitness
(eg as juveniles approach life-stage transitions such as fledging), how developmental stage …

In seasonally fluctuating environments, timing of reproduction is a crucial determinant of
fitness. Studies of birds show that late breeding attempts generally result in offspring of lower …

Wild animals often encounter adverse conditions, and in response, activate their
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. To date, work examining the development of the …

Food limitation is a common ecological scenario for nestling altricial birds, and reductions in
growth and maintenance have been observed in resource-limited nestlings. Substantial …