The development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has heralded a new era in cancer
treatment, enabling the possibility of long-term survival in patients with metastatic disease …

Hemorrhagic stroke is the deadliest form of stroke and includes the subtypes of intracerebral
hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in …

Stroke is a severe and life-threatening disease, necessitating more research on new
treatment strategies. Infiltrated T lymphocytes, an essential adaptive immune cell with …

The PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway is the gold standard for cancer immunotherapy.
Therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1, such as nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of multiple
environmental and genetic risk factors, and it is the most common cause of disability. The …

Central nervous system trauma is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Additionally,
these injuries frequently occur in younger individuals, leading to lifetime expenses for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the
modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a …

Stroke, the second leading cause of death and disability, causes massive cell death in the
brain followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease associated molecular …

Since the discovery and characterization of the PD-1/PD-L pathway, mounting evidence has
emerged regarding its role in regulating neuroinflammation following cerebrovascular injury …

ABSTRACT Introduction Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent an innovative
therapeutic approach of oncologic diseases. In Europe, this therapeutic class currently …