Neutrophils are immune cells that are well known to be present during many types of lung
diseases associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may contribute to …

The innate immune system provides the host with both a dynamic barrier to prevent infection
and a means to which rapid anti-microbial responses can be mounted. The inflammasome …

PA-X, a fusion protein belonging to influenza A viruses (IAVs), integrating the N-terminal 191
amino acids of PA gene and the ribosomal frame-shifting product that lengthens out to 41 or …

Pathogenic viral infection represents a major challenge to human health. Due to the vast
mucosal surface of respiratory tract exposed to the environment, host defense against …

The severity of influenza A virus (IAV) infection can range from asymptotic to mild to severe.
Infections, such as those seen following outbreaks of avian IAV, are associated with …

To study the influenza virus determinants of pathogenicity, we characterized two highly
pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Vietnam in 2012 (A/duck/Vietnam …

Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and
progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test …

The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-
containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are …

An avian influenza A H7N9 virus emerged in March 2013 and caused a remarkable number
of human fatalities. Genome variability in these viruses may provide insights into host …

PA-X is a novel discovered accessory protein encoded by the PA mRNA. Our previous study
demonstrated that PA-X decreases the virulence of a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain …