Background Brain development during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life is
particularly complex and involves the interplay of many cellular processes and molecular …

While whole animal studies have their place in risk assessment of food and feed
components, it is thought that more modern approaches such as human focused new …

Background Studies on human health and ecological effects of ionizing radiation are rapidly
evolving as innovative technologies arise and the body of scientific knowledge grows …

Environmental and ecological risk assessments are defined as the process for evaluating
the likelihood that the environment may be impacted as a result of exposure to stressors …

In a century where toxicology and chemical risk assessment are embracing alternative
methods to animal testing, there is an opportunity to understand the causal factors of …

The use of Bayesian networks (BN) for environmental risk assessment has increased in
recent years as they offer a more transparent way to characterize risk and evaluate …

An understanding of the combined effects of climate change (CC) and other anthropogenic
stressors, such as chemical exposures, is essential for improving ecological risk …

Background The purpose of toxicology is to protect human health and the environment. To
support this, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) …

Abstract Purpose The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, a systematic tool that
can link available mechanistic data with phenotypic outcomes of relevance to regulatory …

Global climate change will significantly impact the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems,
both directly and indirectly via the exacerbation of impacts from other stressors. Pesticides …